The life of the world's Ishak Newton

Author: Amr Khaldony

The life of the world's Ishak Newton 

Sir Isaac Newton is that the English physicist, who invented the law of gravity and has had a key role in the scientific revolution in the 17th century

Summary of Newton's life:

Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in the village and Sthorb, Lincolnshire, England, and discovered Newton are many theories in modern mathematics physics goes back credited to him as one of the great minds in the seventeenth century, with many discoveries in the field of optics, motion, mathematics, A. Newton many of the books that influenced in physics so far, Newton died in London on March 31, 1727.

Early in the life of Newton:

Newton was the only son of a local farmer prosperous, was also named Isaac Newton, who died three months after the birth of Newton before he died Father leaves son was young and weak, and a son, and when he was 3 years old, his mother married Hannah Ayscough Newton, leaving Newton to live with his grandmother, leaving an indelible mark in the small psychological Newton, was to have an acute sense of insecurity.

At the age of 12 years, much reunite Newton and his mother again after the death of her second husband, and gave birth to her second husband had three children, and then joined Newton at the King school in Grantham, a town in Lincolnshire, where he went to work with a local pharmacy, and engaged to the world of magic and chemistry, so has his mother directed from the school, and forced him to work on the farm, but did not have the desire, it was thought
that agriculture nothing dull that fails miserably faileds.

So quickly brought back his mother to the King School to finish his basic education, and was watching him from a distance his uncle, a graduate of the University of Trinity College, Cambridge, which persuaded the mother to make Newton go to university, already Newton arrived at the University of Cambridge, and the scientific revolution and then in full strength, during the first three years to Newton at Cambridge, he was taught the standard curriculum and was fascinated with science's most advanced, and spent all his spare time in the reading of the modern philosophers.

Newton and graduated with honors, and gave him his efforts during the period of study nickname world and took four years of financial support in the future, but unfortunately, in 1665, the great plague that swept Europe came to be arrived in Cambridge, and forced officials at the time shut down the university, and returned Newton to his home to follow up his own study and there began to lay the foundations and theories such as calculus and the foundations of my theory of light and color, as he gained great insight into the laws of planetary motion.

After a decline in the risk of plague in 1667, Newton returned to Cambridge and began working in the years that followed, even improved his fortune, and Newton received a master's degree in literature in 1669 before he was seventh and twenty years old.

Newton's career:

Newton worked as professor, and was exempted from tuition and requested it to submit an annual course of lectures, and chose the time of Newton to provide lectures in optics He was the first theme, and helped them use reflector telescope was designed and built in 1668, this was already the first scientific breakthrough in a large and it helped this invention to prove his theory of light and color.

Newton was in intense competition with other scientists such as Robert Hooke, who was one of the original members of the Royal Academy, and Robert Hooke was also one of the scientists who performed in a number of areas, including mechanics and optics.

In 1678, Newton suffered a nervous breakdown full, has caused the death of his mother to become more isolated, and began to cut any correspondence with other scientists and withdrew from the intellectual exchange, and in spite of Newton stopped public life, however, he returned to his study of gravity and its effect on the orbits of the planets .

Publish a book Principles:

In 1687, after 18 months of intensive work, and he worked them Newton's non-stop, where publication of Newton's "Principia Mathematica Natural Philosophy," was the book most influential in physics, and perhaps in all of science, often known as the "principles" and contains information on almost all of the basic concepts in physics, with the exception of energy.

Work describes quantitatively accurate movement in three key pieces of legislation, where she helped these three laws to explain many, it did not say only that the orbits of the planets are elliptical but almost explain Newton every other movement in the universe and how it is to keep the planets in orbit by the power of the sun attractive, and how the moon revolves around the earth, and Jupiter's moons revolving around it, and how comets revolve in elliptical orbits around the sun.

This allowed Newton's laws are also in the mass of each planet's expense, and the expense of flattening the ground at the poles and bulge at the equator, and how can the attractiveness of the sun and moon create tides on the ground, then in Newton calculating the reason that kept the attractiveness of the universe balanced.

After the publication of the first edition of the book Principles, he accused Robert Hooke immediately rival Newton stole his theories and spoofed, and the charge was not unfounded.

Newton boom:

After the publication of this book the principles of Newton's reputation began to grow and prosper, and the book became a renowned international principles, and this has already led him into a new direction in life, but in spite of all this prosperity, but he did not find the desired in office in Cambridge conviction, so he became more involved in the Other issues, while the Newton in London, known to a wide range of intellectuals such as political philosopher John Locke.

However, within a few years, Newton fell to another nervous breakdown in 1693, the reason was not specified was open to speculation, some of whom said he had been to disappointment not to his appointment as the highest by the kings of England, or because of losing old friends Dwylr or because of chronic mercury poisoning he suffered, but they are all speculation and it is difficult to know what is the real reason, but it is strange that after a period of not by a long recovery, and wrote letters of apology to friends and returned to work within a few months.

In 1696, Newton was able to achieve his dream of a government position he was looking for a long time was responsible for the currency and punish counterfeiters strongly reform, he moved permanently to London to live with his niece Catherine Barton, which was the mistress of Lord Halifax, a government official and high-level, which was instrumental in reputation for Newton in this post, and already elevated Newton, where the British currency made sterling made of silver, made of gold standard pound.

In 1703, Newton, president of the Royal Society elected upon the death of his rival Robert Hooke in 1705, was a turning point in his life where the profession of science This discovery cleared the way for him to own politics and influence, and continued his ambition and his defense fierce for own discoveries, which he introduced in other conflicts with scientists this point others, like the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, which is most suitable to him Newton's theory of calculus, but the Royal Society laid a .priority for Newton after investigation

Newton recent years:

At the end of this life full of conflict, Newton lived in Cranbury Park, near Winchester, England, with his niece, Catherine and her husband, and by that time, Newton had become one of the most men famous in Europe, and the scientific discoveries unchallenged, as he became wealthy, but his income has invested so wisely and give great gifts for charity, and in spite of his fame this, however, Newton was far from perfect throughout his life, he has never married or has a lot of friends.

.

In the last years of his life, his life was made up of a mixture of pride and insecurity scientific inquiries strange led to the thought of some of his friends that his mental state is not stable, and by the time the Newton reached 80 years of age, had been suffering from digestive problems, and was forced to radically change in his diet, and in March 1727, Newton saw the severe pain in his abdomen and darkness, and did not regain consciousness again, and died the next day, March 31, 1727, at the age of 84 years.

And took his name in fame and growing more so after his death, many of his contemporaries, they reported he was the greatest genius lived than ever, perhaps exaggerated a lot, but it was his discoveries a significant impact on Western thought, he took the same ranks of Plato and Aristotle and Galileo.

About the life of the great writer Naguib Mahfouz

Author: Amr Khaldony

The life of the writer Naguib Mahfouz

His life

                                        

Naguib Mahfouz was born on December 11, 1911 in the heart of Old Cairo aesthetic District. He spent his childhood amid the small streets leading to the Al-Azhar Mosque, whichh millennium, which also lead to the Hussein mosque old about (the grandson of Prophet Mohammed, peace) located inside the exquisite shrine containing the head of Imam Hussein. As these small streets also lead to many other ancient mosques older than hundreds of years and to the schools built in the Middle Ages and still found so far to the old khans (inns), which had come down in the past where traders and travelers accompanied by camels

These buildings are used shaped spectacular architecture now Kamrasm for painters, sculptors and contemporaryy pieces which are formed functional modern

The aesthetic District that inspired his literary works of Naguib Mahfouz. He always feels happy in the alleys of Khann el-Khalili and in the streets of small narrow where there aree up to the present old houses (many of which still exist on the doors raised his book indicates it was built in the thirteenth or fourteenth century), there where the smell of incense in all step, where you find around you everywhere the same features of the faces and costumes so that we know from paintings and old photographs

Here connects the old with the modern reality in strange and unique by almost Naguib Mahfouz in most of his works

According to remind him of Naguib Mahfouz, the first book he wrote when he was a pupil primary school, he was after the Nerd the prescribed texts until almost keeps them by heart, back to his home and re-written after that adds to it his adventures with his friends and then put his name somewhere one the authors of the book, writes on book cover name of a well-known publishers. This was the first step in the road for the Nobel Prize

Naguib Mahfouz completed his studies at Cairo University (King Fouad I University at the time) Department off Philosophy in 1934. In addition to his literary (and within this activity book movies Senemaiah scenarios!) Naguib Mahfouzz served for many years, government jobs are different. He has worked in different places, including work in university administration and in the Department of Culture, Ministry of National Guidance, as well as the work of a sergeant of works as well as technical adviser to the Ministry of Culture

He has received at last on a special office in the newspaper Al-Ahram daily as usual, which are followed with a lot of well-known  adult book

Naguib Mahfouz began his literary typing short story (the first collection of short stories have appeared in 1938), after which he began to write the novel (long story). During the long literary career also wrote poetry. With the emergence of the pharaonic power after the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922, he wrote two novels revolve Ahaddathma historical periods in the Pharaonic era. Forty years later again back to his book, a historical novel sett in the Pharaonic era, but this time be historical events symbols and references to the problems of modern Egypt and its struggle against  the English occupiers

Naguib Mahfouz, then moved to the next stage is the stage of his social novels pictures of Egyptian society in the twentieth century, severe realistically and accurately is Basic

Naguib Mahfouz's work has taken in the period following the symbolic character and were novels and short stories written by at this stage codenamed philosophical character disappears behind thee images and scenes of life that provided by its

Naguib Mahfouz's work has always been associated with specific things. Also today we can walk the streets of Cairo reverting steps. It is known for Naguib Mahfouz it does not tolerate travel andd move from place to place, except to spend summer vacation in Alexandria almost did not travel outside of Cairo. So that in 1988, he did not travel to Stockholm to receive the Nobel Prize andd traveled on his behalf by his daughters Fatima and Umm Kulthum

He was to travel to Alexandria role models in summer the king and the government the whole (up to the present there Tram Station in Alexandria called the station Ministry) is a continuation of his literary and cultural in a nicer atmosphere of Joe Cairo, accompanied by the roar of the waves of the sea

The cafeterias Alexandria famous such as San Stefano and Cecil and Petro-turn in the summer for the salons of Literary can budding writers and intellectuals, the next to be interviewed Naguib Mahfouz other writers, such as Tawfiq al-Hakim and Tharwat Abaza and others. In these interviews were read business book andd hear the views of young adult writers and critics in this business. This tradition helped to a large extent on the growth and Azdhar branches of Egyptian culture this section in various fields. Thesee writers, who were juniors at this time we find them today occupy top places in the center of the literary and cultural

More acts of Naguib Mahfouz famous of which got the largest amount of appreciation (of his books published, which number nearly fifty authors) Tri. It consists of three novels Tricycle long endure three streets from the streets of old Cairo, where takes place names. It describes the Naguib Mahfouz changes on the lives of Egyptian family in the first half of the twentieth century. And addresses of the three novels are: between the two palaces and the Palace of Desire and sugary was Tricycle published in 1957. The trilogy is a deep and comprehensive record of life in Egypt at that time, as well as the customs, traditions and moral values ​​prevailing and also of the currents and trends political, philosophical and literary. And see the full picture of the community as well as the changes taking place in various fields and accompanying succession of generations

Naguib Mahfouz was secretly divulges respect treble stated that trick in the first image was one novel a very long number of pages exceeds 1300 pages handwritten titled "between Algosrien" which is the name of a street in Old Cairo, in which there is the family home of the heroes of the novel. Naguib Mahfouz was left the only version of the novel to a publisher, who was not eager to publish this novel too long. After a year full Call Bnaguib Mahfouz great writer Yusuf Sibai and expressed his willingness to publish the novel serialized magazine new pages will be issued and will be called "the new message." Fortunately, the only version of the novel and left by Naguib Mahfouz, the publisher was not exposed to loss. And thus had the opportunity to read the first readers of Panorama realistic time taken from the reality of their lives and that the reader feels that heroes live with him in the same street, which dwells

Thus proven local Egyptian universality. After the novel was published in episodes in the Journal of the new message, a publisher in nature and published after the split of three novels

All the stories and novels of Naguib Mahfouz other people also address community problems. Gradually increasing attention Bnaguib within the literary archive  in Egypt and abroad

Along with many of the national awards, including the Nile Collar highest decoration in Egypt, and many accolades Arabic, awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy biggest prize in the world of literature, a Nobel Prize

Naguib Mahfouz won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1988, according to the Commission in the reasons for giving him the prize: "It is through creations rich with emotion - sometimes severe realism and sometimes vaguely unusual - Innovate Mahfouz art of Arabic novel told by mankind

The story of the life of Taha Hussein

     

                           

Author: Amr Khaldony

                              The story of the life of Taha Hussein

.a brief about his life*

Born on November 14, 1889 and lived in an area called Ezbet kilo is 10 km from the enamel Upper Egypt province and lost his sight at the age of 3 years because of conjunctivitis in the eye Faljh barber wrongly claimed all of his eyes lost his sight because of ignorance and backwardness and perhaps that infirmity springboard for the birth of human being Anasseh History and the world

His father was an employee of the sugar company and sired 13 children and Taha Hussein was seventh in the standings

The introverted sometimes feel depressed 0 0 serious in his life went in to his childhood listening to stories and chatter and the verses of the Koran and stories of invasions and conquests and news Antar and then perfected the intonation and save the whole Quran before completing ten years.

Enrollment at the University of Al-Azhar

Left to Cairo a request to the flag, which was fourteen years old and in 1908 appeared rebellion against most of the sheikhs of Al-Azhar Alatbaian with his two companions Ahmed Hassan El Zayat and Mahmoud El-Zanaty and schooled her time at the hands of Imam Mohammed Abdu and ended the case to expel him from Al-Azhar because of intense criticism is no longer referred only by from one senior Senate

Enter the Egyptian university

In 1908 he joined the left-Azhar and the Egyptian university and heard lessons Ahmad Zaki Pasha and Ahmed Kamal Pasha in Muslim civilizations, Egyptian and lessons in geography, history, astronomy, literature, philosophy, and here began a new phase in his life in educating the soul and goal setting

Doctoral thesis

Promising his message to get a doctorate and the theme for Abu Ala and discussed the letter in the May 15, 1914 and has brought the message enormous uproar and conflicting positions and got to ask one house of parliament to deprive Taha Hussein undergraduate degree because he has written a book about atheism and infidelity and the intervention of Saad Zaghloul President of the Legislative Assembly of parliament he left Taha Hussein, the university and moved to Paris in the mission of the university

In Paris

Left in 1914 and joined Montpellier University, which was far from Paris because of the First World War at the time, he studied French language and in 1915 abolished the Egyptian League envoys for financial reasons but returned to the University of Paris in the College of Arts and received lessons in history and in the meeting Haad another letter at the hands of the world Emile Durkheim meeting and was on the subject of social philosophy at the Ibn Khaldun's where he got his doctorate in 1919 and a postgraduate diploma

His partner

Know Taha Hussein on Susan when she read a passage from the hair ricin loved songs her voice and love the way ditched and he is attached to this bird's foreign and when he was back in his seat in the auditorium of the voice of boys tell him that I can heard that I help you to remember the lessons) and what were those boys, but Sozintelk French student from a Catholic family and with the help of an uncle who was a priest said to her (with this man can can trust that he will remain with you forever) married him in August, 91,917 have already lived the most beautiful and happiest her days with the man I love in his heart without having to see the same has been great effect in his life and he said one day: (as if the sun that she came in that day of spring) and he said to his daughter n these women have made another man else)

His return to Egypt

He returned to Egypt in 1919 and was appointed professor of Greek and Roman history until 1925 and turned the Egyptian University to a public university and was appointed a professor of the history of Arabic literature

In 1926 he published his book in the pre-Islamic poetry Latest political uproar and filed a lawsuit against him for enlightenment and respect for the mind and ordered the prosecution to withdraw the book and stopped distribution

In 1928, the second uproar erupted Atd appointed dean of the Faculty of Arts resigned Taha Hussein, but on condition that attends one day In 1930 the college dean Taha Hussein returned her

In 1932, the major crisis in the life of Taha Hussein, where the government wants an honorary doctorate grants from the Faculty of Arts for some politicians rejected Taha Hussein in order to preserve the position of science degree forcing the government to resort to the Faculty of Law, rather than morals Fattaba Taha Hussein to work in the campaign against them in University newspapers Vahil to retire March 29 1932 Vlzim Taha Hussein and his writing in March and then returned to the university at the end of 1934 and was appointed dean of the Faculty of Arts in 1936 until 1939

And punctuate the Wafd Party rule and then became director of the University of Alexandria until June 13, 1950 and was appointed first secretary of the knowledge of the Wafd government until June 26, 1952 the day of the burning of Cairo went away Taha Hussein to intellectual production remained writes about the Egyptian revolution in the era of Gamal Abdel Nasser and saw the October war

His death

Taha Hussein died on October 28, 1973 at the age of 84 years

The most important of his works

Days - promise Alhak-- The Wretched of the Earth --- in the pre-Islamic poetry --kellmat - Cash and repair of literature --- --- Greek representative Taha Hussein and the Maghreb - The Nightingale's Prayer - an interview Wednesday --sot Abu Ala --- from afar --- --- biography on the sidelines in the summer --- --- memory of Abu Ala Ibn Khaldun's philosophy of social democracy in Islam ---